Liquefaction of industrial zone against earthquake loading using laboratory and field measurements
- Details
- Parent Category: 2023
- Category: Content №5 2023
- Created on 27 October 2023
- Last Updated on 27 October 2023
- Published on 30 November -0001
- Written by Aram Mohammed Raheem
- Hits: 2450
Authors:
Aram Mohammed Raheem*, orcid.org/0000-0002-6889-3939, Civil Engineering Department, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq
* Corresponding author e-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu. 2023, (5): 092 - 101
https://doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2023-5/092
Abstract:
Purpose. To assess the liquefaction of Kirkuk’s industrial region following a series of earthquakes that struck the city during the previous five years based on the current earthquake activity in the region.
Methodology. Initially, substantial relationships for shear wave velocity in different types of soil were collected and studied, where the majority of these correlations necessitated the use of standard penetration tests in the field. Indeed, two boreholes were drilled up to a maximum depth of 10 m, and the numbers of blows for conventional penetration tests were measured at various depths in each borehole. The stated shear wave velocity values from the literature, as well as the maximum and lowest shear wave velocity constraints, were employed in a simple technique to estimate the cyclic shear stress induced by earthquake loading.
Findings. Based on laboratory and field data, the safety factor against earthquake-induced liquefaction can be determined. When the worst-case scenario was examined using the suggested values of shear wave velocity, the factor of safety against earthquake was reduced by 94 % as the depth increased from 3.5 to 9 m.
Originality. No previous study has tried to quantify the liquefaction impact of industrial zone of Kirkuk city as such an important rich-oil area was influenced by series of earthquakes occurrence. More importantly, for the first time field soil samples from on-site boreholes in Kirkuk city have been collected and used for liquefaction assessment since such real field data can be utilized properly in liquefaction evaluation process in the absence of any comparable quantification for the investigated area.
Practical value. Precious liquefaction analysis should be performed prior to any proposed project construction in the light of increased earthquake activity in the industrial zone in Kirkuk city (Iraq).
Keywords: liquefaction, standard penetration test, earthquake, shear wave velocity, soil disturbance, factor of safety
References.
1. Tabatabaei, S.A., Esmaeili, M., & Sadeghi, J. (2019). Investigation of optimum height of railway embankments during earthquake based on their stability in liquefaction. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 23(5), 882-908. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2017.1342301.
2. Fattah, M. Y., Al-Neami, M. A., & Jajjawi, N. H. (2014). Prediction of Liquefaction Potential and Pore Water Pressure beneath Machine Foundations. Central European Journal of Engineering, 4(3), 226-249. https://doi.org/10.2478/s13531-013-0165-y.
3. Fattah, M. Y., Salim, N. M., & Haleel, R. J. (2018). Liquefaction Potential of Sandy Soil from Small Laboratory Machine Foundation Model. International Review of Civil Engineering, 9(1), 11-19. https://doi.org/10.15866/irece.v9i1.13737.
4. Abdullah, H. H., Fattah, M. Y., & Abed, A. H. (2018). Determination of Liquefaction Potential for Two Selected Sites in Kerbala City-Middle of Iraq. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(1), 25-32. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.8268.
5. Ecemis, N. (2020). Effect of soil-type and fines content on liquefaction resistance-shear wave velocity correlation. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 24(8), 1311-1335. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2018.1475312.
6. Karim, H. H., Fattah, M. Y., & Hasan, A. M. (2010). Evaluation of Some Geotechnical Properties and Liquefaction Potential from Seismic Parameters. Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering, 6(3), 30-45.
7. Tong, L., Che, H., Pan, H., Zhang, M., & Guo, Q. (2019). Comparison of shear wave velocity prediction models to Yangtze river deltaic sediments based on piezocone test data. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 17, 1845-1858. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-019-00408-3.
8. Karray, M., Lefebvre, G., Ethier, Y., & Bigras, A. (2011). Influence of particle size on the correlation between shear wave velocity and cone tip resistance. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 48(4), 599-615. https://doi.org/10.1139/t10-092.
9. Chen, Y.R., Chen, J.W., Shun-Chieh Hsieh, S.C., & Chang, Y.T. (2013). Evaluation of soil liquefaction potential based on the nonlinear energy dissipation principles. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, (17), 54-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2012.691256.
10. Kasim, M. N., & Raheem, A. M. (2021). Evaluation of some soil characteristics from field SPT values using random number generation technique. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, (779), 012017, 2-13. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/779/1/012017.
11. Wichtmann, T., & Triantafyllidis, T. H. (2009). Influence of the grain size distribution curve of quartz sand on the small strain shear modulus Gmax. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering ASCE, 135(10), 1404-1418. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000096.
12. Bui, M. T., Clayton, C. R. I., & Priest, J. A. (2007). Effects of particle shape on Gmax of geomaterials. Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, 1536.
13. Santamarina, J. C., Klein, A., & Fam, M. A. (2001). Soils and waves: Particulate materials behavior, characterization and process monitoring. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 1(2), 130. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02987719.
14. Yimsiri, S., & Soga, K. (2000). Micromechanics-based stress-strain behaviour of soils at small strains. Géotechnique, 50(5), 559-571. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2000.50.5.559.
15. Chien, L. K., Lin, M. C., & Oh, E. (2000). Shear wave velocity evaluation on reclaimed soil in West Taiwan. International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering, 10(1), 73-79.
16. Kiku, H., Yoshida, N., Yasuda, S., Irisawa, T., Nakazawa, H., Shimizu, Y., Ansal, A., & Erkan, A. (2001). In-situ penetration tests and soil profiling in Adapazari, Turkey. Proceedings of the ICSMGE/TC4 satellite conference on lessons learned from recent strong earthquakes, 259-265. Retrieved from https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1573387449937537280.
17. Jafari, M. K., Shafiee, A., & Razmkhah, A. (2002). Dynamic properties of fine grained soils in south of Tehran. Journal of Seismological Earthquake Engineering, 4(1), 25-35.
18. Hasancebi, N., & Ulusay, R. (2007). Empirical correlations between shear wave velocity and penetration resistance for ground shaking assessments. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, (66), 203-213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-006-0063-0.
19. Hanumantharao, C., & Ramana, G. V. (2008). Dynamic soil properties for microzonation of Delhi, India. Journal of Earth System Science, 117(S2), 719-730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-008-0066-2.
20. Lee, C. T., & Tsai, B. R. (2008). Mapping Vs30 in Taiwan. Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 19(6), 671-682. https://doi.org/10.3319/TAO.2008.19.6.671(PT).
21. Dikmen, U. (2009). Statistical correlations of shear wave velocity and penetration resistance for soils. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering, 6(1), 61-72. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-2132/6/1/007.
22. Uma Maheswari, R., Boominathan, A., & Dodagoudar, G. R. (2009). Use of Surface Waves in Statistical Correlations of Shear Wave Velocity and Penetration Resistance of Chennai Soils. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 28(2), 119-137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-009-9285-9.
23. Tsiambaos, G., & Sabatakakis, N. (2010). Empirical estimation of shear wave velocity from in situ tests on soil formations in Greece. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 70(2), 291-297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-010-0324-9.
24. Anbazhagan, P., Kumar, A., & Sitharam, T. G. (2012). Seismic Site Classification and Correlation between Standard Penetration Test N Value and Shear Wave Velocity for Lucknow City in Indo-Gangetic Basin. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 170(3), 299-318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-012-0525-1.
25. Fauzi, A., Irsyam, M., & Fauzi, U. J. (2014). Empirical correlation of shear wave velocity and N-SPT value for Jakarta. International Journal of Geomate, 7(1), 980-984. https://doi.org/10.21660/2014.13.3263.
26. Al-Gburi, H. F., Al-Tawash, B. S., Al-Tamimi, O. S., & Schüth, C. (2023). Impacts of hydrogeochemical processes and land use practices on groundwater quality of Shwan sub-Basin, Kirkuk, northern Iraq. Heliyon, 9(3), e13995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13995.
27. Andrus, R. D., & Stokoe II, K. H. (2000). Liquefaction Resistance of Soils from Shear-Wave Velocity. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 126(11), 1015-1025. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2000)126:11(1015).
28. Al-Taie, A. J., & Albusoda, B. S. (2019). Earthquake hazard on Iraqi soil: Halabjah earthquake as a case study. Geodesy and Geodynamics, (10), 196-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2019.03.004.
29. Jassim, S. Z., & Goff, J. C. (2006). Geology of Iraq. Dolin, Prague and Morravian Museum, Brno, Chech Republic. ISBN: 80-7028-287-8.
Newer news items:
- Critical infrastructure defense: perspectives from the EU and USA cyber experts - 27/10/2023 19:20
- Analysis of the input material flow of the transport conveyor - 27/10/2023 19:20
- Shaping sustainable strategies of freight forwarding companies in the environment of the road transport market - 27/10/2023 19:20
- Mineral resource assessment through geostatistical analysis in a phosphate deposit - 27/10/2023 19:19
- Controlling as an enterprise management tool in the digital economy - 27/10/2023 19:19
- Research on an eco-safe filtration plant for wastewater treatment made of natural raw materials - 27/10/2023 19:19
- Problems of prosecution for crimes against environmental security in the conditions of martial state - 27/10/2023 19:19
- The legal mechanism for environmental protection in Ukraine - 27/10/2023 19:19
- Radionuclide content in vegetation and soils in the impact zone of the railway track - 27/10/2023 19:19
- Creation of conceptual solutions for the manufacture of component freight wagons from composites - 27/10/2023 19:19
Older news items:
- Optimization mathematical model of a contact air cooler for a mine turbocompressor - 27/10/2023 19:19
- Principles of transport means maintenance optimization: equipment cost calculation - 27/10/2023 19:19
- Combustion and detonation of paste fuel of rocket engine - 27/10/2023 19:19
- Alternative uses for crushed stone products generated to meet the raw material needs of asphalt production in Hungary - 27/10/2023 19:19
- Evaluation of coal mines’ rock mass gas permeability in the equivalent stress zone - 27/10/2023 19:19
- Geometric modelling of face processing surfaces by planetary executive devices of tunnelling machines - 27/10/2023 19:19
- Influence of drilling mud pulsations on well cleanout efficiency - 27/10/2023 19:19
- Reducing the formation of asphaltene deposits and increasing the flow rates of oil wells - 27/10/2023 19:19
- Geophysical indicators of rare-metal ore content of Akmai-Katpar ore zone (Central Kazakhstan) - 27/10/2023 19:19
- Prospects for the detection of structures with hydrocarbon deposits along the geotraverse in the Shu-Sarysu sedimentary basin - 27/10/2023 19:19